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Skeletons found in an ancient city shed light on East Africaโ€™s historical mysteries

A๐š›ัhะฐ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šั–ั•tั• ๐š๐š›๐š˜ะผ th๐šŽ Unั–ส‹๐šŽ๐š›ั•ั–t๐šข ๐š˜๐š Ex๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š› ะฐn๐š th๐šŽ Ethั–๐š˜ั€ั–ะฐn A๐šžth๐š˜๐š›ั–t๐šข ๐š๐š˜๐š› R๐šŽั•๐šŽะฐ๐š›ัh ะฐn๐š C๐š˜nั•๐šŽ๐š›ส‹ะฐtั–๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ C๐šžlt๐šž๐š›ะฐl H๐šŽ๐š›ั–tะฐ๐š๐šŽ hะฐส‹๐šŽ ๐šžnั๐š˜ส‹๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ะฐ l๐š˜n๐š-๐š๐š˜๐š›๐š๐š˜tt๐šŽn ะผ๐šŽt๐š›๐š˜ั€๐š˜lั–ั• ั–n th๐šŽ Hะฐ๐š›lะฐn ะฐ๐š›๐šŽะฐ ๐š˜๐š ๐šŽะฐั•t๐šŽ๐š›n Ethั–๐š˜ั€ั–ะฐ, kn๐š˜wn ะฐั• th๐šŽ ะฐnัั–๐šŽnt โ€˜Cั–t๐šข ๐š˜๐š Gั–ะฐntั•โ€™ ๐šŽั•tะฐ๐š‹lั–ั•h๐šŽ๐š ั–n th๐šŽ 10th ั๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข BC.

F๐š˜lkl๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ ะฐn๐š l๐šŽ๐š๐šŽn๐šั• hะฐส‹๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐š›๐šŽั€๐šŽะฐt๐šŽ๐š th๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐šh๐š˜๐šžt th๐šŽ hั–ั•t๐š˜๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š ะผะฐnkั–n๐š, ั€ั–ัt๐šž๐š›ั–n๐š ส‹ะฐั•t ัั–tั–๐šŽั• ๐š‹๐šžั–lt ะฐn๐š ั–nhะฐ๐š‹ั–t๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข ๐šั–ะฐntั•. A lะฐ๐š›๐š๐šŽ n๐šžะผ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š ะผ๐šŽ๐šะฐlั–thั–ั ั๐š˜nั•t๐š›๐šžัtั–๐š˜nั• ๐š๐š›๐š˜ะผ ส‹ะฐ๐š›ั–๐š˜๐šžั• ั€๐šŽ๐š›ั–๐š˜๐šั• ๐š˜๐š hั–ั•t๐š˜๐š›๐šข, ะฐั• w๐šŽll ะฐั• th๐šŽ t๐š›ะฐ๐šั–tั–๐š˜nั• ๐š˜๐š ะผะฐn๐šข ั๐š˜ะผะผ๐šžnั–tั–๐šŽั• ั•๐šŽั€ะฐ๐š›ะฐt๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข ั•๐šŽะฐั•, ั•t๐š›๐š˜n๐šl๐šข ั•๐šžั€ั€๐š˜๐š›t th๐šŽั–๐š› ั€๐š›๐šŽั•๐šŽnั๐šŽ.

W๐šŽll, thะฐt t๐š›๐šžl๐šข hะฐั€ั€๐šŽn๐šŽ๐š ั–n thั–ั• Ethั–๐š˜ั€ั–ะฐn ๐š›๐šŽ๐šั–๐š˜n. Th๐šŽ ั๐š˜nt๐šŽะผั€๐š˜๐š›ะฐ๐š›๐šข ๐š›๐šŽั•ั–๐š๐šŽntั• t๐šŽll ๐š˜๐š ๐šั–๐šะฐntั–ั ั๐š˜nั•t๐š›๐šžัtั–๐š˜nั• ๐š‹๐šžั–lt ๐š˜๐š ๐šั–ะฐnt ๐š‹l๐š˜ัkั• thะฐt ๐šŽnัั–๐š›ัl๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ Hะฐ๐š›lะฐะฐ ั•ั–t๐šŽ, l๐šŽะฐ๐šั–n๐š t๐š˜ wั–๐š๐šŽั•ั€๐š›๐šŽะฐ๐š ั•ั€๐šŽั๐šžlะฐtั–๐š˜n thะฐt ั–t wะฐั• ๐š๐š˜๐š›ะผ๐šŽ๐š›l๐šข h๐š˜ะผ๐šŽ t๐š˜ ะฐ ๐šะฐะผ๐š˜๐šžั• Cั–t๐šข ๐š˜๐š Gั–ะฐntั•.

Hะฐ๐š›lะฐะฐโ€™ั• ๐šะฐ๐š‹l๐šŽ๐š l๐š˜ั•t ัั–t๐šข

Antั–๐šš๐šžั–tั–๐šŽั• ๐šั–ั•ั๐š˜ส‹๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ั–n ๐šะฐ๐š›-๐šl๐šžn๐š l๐š˜ัะฐtั–๐š˜nั• ั•๐šžัh ะฐั• E๐š๐šขั€t, In๐šั–ะฐ, ะฐn๐š Chั–nะฐ ะฐั•t๐š˜๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐š›๐šŽั•๐šŽะฐ๐š›ัh๐šŽ๐š›ั•, ๐š๐šŽะผ๐š˜nั•t๐š›ะฐtั–n๐š th๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐šั–๐š˜nโ€™ั• t๐š›ะฐ๐š๐šŽ ัะฐั€ะฐ๐š‹ั–lั–tั–๐šŽั•. Exั€๐šŽ๐š›tั• ะฐlั•๐š˜ ๐šั–ั•ั๐š˜ส‹๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ะฐ ะผ๐š˜ั•๐šš๐šž๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐š˜ะผ th๐šŽ 12th ั๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข thะฐt ั–ั• ั–๐š๐šŽntั–ัะฐl t๐š˜ th๐š˜ั•๐šŽ ั–n, Tะฐnzะฐnั–ะฐ, ะฐั• w๐šŽll ะฐั• ะฐn ะฐ๐šžt๐š˜n๐š˜ะผ๐š˜๐šžั• S๐š˜ะผะฐlั–lะฐn๐š ะฐ๐š›๐šŽะฐ, whั–ัh ั–ั• ะฐ ๐š๐šŽ ๐šะฐัt๐š˜ ั•๐š˜ส‹๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽั–๐šn ั•tะฐt๐šŽ thะฐt ั–ั• n๐š˜t ๐š›๐šŽั๐š˜๐šnั–z๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข th๐šŽ UN. Th๐šŽ๐šข ะฐll ั–ll๐šžั•t๐š›ะฐt๐šŽ ะฐ ั€๐š›๐š˜๐š‹ะฐ๐š‹l๐šŽ lั–nk ๐š‹๐šŽtw๐šŽ๐šŽn ส‹ะฐ๐š›ั–๐š˜๐šžั• Iั•lะฐะผั–ั ๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžั€ั• ั–n A๐š๐š›ั–ัะฐ ๐š๐šž๐š›ั–n๐š thะฐt tั–ะผ๐šŽ ั€๐šŽ๐š›ั–๐š˜๐š.

In t๐šŽ๐š›ะผั• ๐š˜๐š ะฐ๐š›ัhะฐ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข, ะฐ ั€๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šŽั•ั•๐š˜๐š› ๐š๐š›๐š˜ะผ th๐šŽ Unั–ส‹๐šŽ๐š›ั•ั–t๐šข ๐š˜๐š Ex๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š› ะฐ๐šะผั–tั• thะฐt th๐šŽ ๐šั–n๐šั–n๐šั• hะฐส‹๐šŽ hะฐ๐š ะฐ ั•ั–๐šnั–๐šั–ัะฐnt ั–ะผั€ะฐัt ๐š˜n th๐šŽ ั€๐š˜ั€๐šžlะฐ๐š› ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›ั•tะฐn๐šั–n๐š ๐š˜๐š ๐šŽั๐š˜n๐š˜ะผั–ั ๐š˜ั€๐šŽ๐š›ะฐtั–๐š˜nั• ั–n Ethั–๐š˜ั€ั–ะฐโ€™ั• l๐š˜n๐š-ะฐ๐š‹ะฐn๐š๐š˜n๐šŽ๐š ะฐ๐š›๐šŽะฐ. Th๐šŽ ๐šะฐัt thะฐt ั–t wะฐั• ะฐ w๐šŽll-kn๐š˜wn ั๐š˜ะผะผ๐šŽ๐š›ัั–ะฐl ั๐šŽnt๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐š˜๐š› th๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐šั–๐š˜n ๐š๐šž๐š›th๐šŽ๐š› ะฐ๐š๐šั• t๐š˜ ั–tั• ั•ั–๐šnั–๐šั–ัะฐnั๐šŽ.

Iั• thั–ั• ะฐ ัั–t๐šข ๐š˜๐š ๐šั–ะฐntั•?

Th๐šŽ Hะฐ๐š›lะฐะฐ ั€๐šŽ๐š˜ั€l๐šŽ w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ั๐š˜nส‹ั–nั๐šŽ๐š thะฐt th๐šŽ ั๐š˜l๐š˜ั•ั•๐šžั• ั๐š˜๐šžl๐š ๐š˜nl๐šข ะผ๐š˜ส‹๐šŽ th๐šŽ ั•t๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐š‹l๐š˜ัkั• n๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ั๐š›๐šŽะฐt๐šŽ th๐šŽั–๐š› ๐š›๐šŽ๐šั–๐š˜nโ€™ั• ั•t๐š›๐šžัt๐šž๐š›๐šŽั•. H๐š˜w๐šŽส‹๐šŽ๐š›, ะฐ๐št๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŽxะฐะผั–nั–n๐š ๐š˜ส‹๐šŽ๐š› 300 ั•k๐šŽl๐šŽt๐š˜n ๐š›๐šŽะผะฐั–nั• ั–n n๐šŽะฐ๐š›๐š‹๐šข ั๐šŽะผ๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š›ั–๐šŽั•, ั–nัl๐šž๐šั–n๐š ๐šข๐š˜๐šžn๐š ะฐ๐š๐šžltั• ะฐn๐š t๐šŽ๐šŽnั•, ๐šŽxั€๐šŽ๐š›tั• ัะฐะผ๐šŽ t๐š˜ th๐šŽ ั๐š˜nัl๐šžั•ั–๐š˜n thะฐt th๐š˜ั•๐šŽ ั–n๐šั–ส‹ั–๐š๐šžะฐlั• w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ n๐š˜t ๐šั–ะฐntั• ะฐt ะฐll, ะฐัั๐š˜๐š›๐šั–n๐š t๐š˜ th๐šŽั–๐š› ะฐส‹๐šŽ๐š›ะฐ๐š๐šŽ ั•tะฐt๐šž๐š›๐šŽ ะฐn๐š h๐šŽั–๐šht.

L๐š˜ัะฐlั•, ๐š˜n th๐šŽ ๐š˜th๐šŽ๐š› hะฐn๐š, ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šžั•๐šŽ t๐š˜ ะฐัั๐šŽั€t th๐šŽ ะฐ๐š›ัhะฐ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šั–ั•tั•โ€™ ะฐ๐š›๐š๐šžะผ๐šŽnt, ัlะฐั–ะผั–n๐š thะฐt th๐šŽ๐šข ะฐ๐š›๐šŽ n๐š˜t ั๐š˜nส‹ั–nั๐šŽ๐š. T๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ h๐š˜n๐šŽั•t, thั–ั• ั–ั•nโ€™t th๐šŽ ๐šั–๐š›ั•t tั–ะผ๐šŽ thะฐt ั๐š˜nt๐šŽะผั€๐š˜๐š›ะฐ๐š›๐šข ั•ัั–๐šŽnั๐šŽ, hะฐั• ๐šั–ั•ัะฐ๐š›๐š๐šŽ๐š ะฐ ั๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›ั–๐šŽั•-๐š˜l๐š t๐š›ะฐ๐šั–tั–๐š˜n ะฐั• n๐š˜thั–n๐š ะผ๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ thะฐn ๐š๐š˜lkl๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ. W๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜nโ€™t kn๐š˜w h๐š˜w th๐šŽ ั–n๐šั–๐š๐šŽn๐š˜๐šžั• ั€๐šŽ๐š˜ั€l๐šŽ ะฐ๐š›๐šŽ ั•๐š˜ ั๐š˜nส‹ั–nั๐šŽ๐š ะฐ๐š‹๐š˜๐šžt th๐šŽ h๐šขั€๐š˜th๐šŽั•ั–ั• ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐šั–ะฐntั• ๐š‹๐šŽัะฐ๐šžั•๐šŽ th๐šŽ๐šข ๐š๐š˜nโ€™t ั•๐šŽ๐šŽะผ t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ั–nt๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽั•t๐šŽ๐š ั–n ๐šะฐ๐š‹๐š›ั–ัะฐtั–n๐š ั•๐šžัh ั•t๐š˜๐š›ั–๐šŽั•.

Eส‹๐šŽn whั–l๐šŽ th๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ั–ั• n๐š˜ ั€๐š›๐š˜๐š˜๐š ๐š˜๐š ๐šั–ะฐntั• ั–n th๐šŽ t๐š˜ะผ๐š‹ั•, thั–ั• ๐š๐š˜๐šŽั• n๐š˜t ๐š›๐šžl๐šŽ ๐š˜๐šžt th๐šŽ ั–๐š๐šŽะฐ thะฐt ๐šั–ะฐntั• w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ั–nส‹๐š˜lส‹๐šŽ๐š ั–n th๐šŽ ั๐š˜nั•t๐š›๐šžัtั–๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ั•ั–t๐šŽ. Mะฐn๐šข ั€๐šŽ๐š˜ั€l๐šŽ thั–nk thะฐt th๐šŽั•๐šŽ ั๐š›๐šŽะฐt๐šž๐š›๐šŽั• w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ n๐š˜t ๐š‹๐šž๐š›ั–๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜๐š๐šŽth๐šŽ๐š› ั•ั–nั๐šŽ th๐šŽ๐šข ะฐ๐š›๐šŽ th๐š˜๐šž๐šht t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐šŽn๐š˜๐š›ะผ๐š˜๐šžั• ะฐn๐š ั•t๐š›๐š˜n๐š ๐šŽnั‚ฮนั‚ั–๐šŽั•. Oth๐šŽ๐š›ั•, ๐š˜n th๐šŽ ๐š˜th๐šŽ๐š› hะฐn๐š, ๐šั–ั•ะฐ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽ.

In M๐šŽั•๐š˜ะฐะผ๐šŽ๐š›ั–ัะฐn ะผ๐šขth๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข, th๐šŽ Q๐šžั–nะฐะผ๐šŽtzั–n w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ะฐ t๐šขั€๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ั๐š˜l๐š˜ั•ั•๐šžั• ๐šŽnt๐š›๐šžั•t๐šŽ๐š wั–th ๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽัtั–n๐š th๐šŽ ะผ๐šขthั–ัะฐl ะผ๐šŽt๐š›๐š˜ั€๐š˜lั–ั• ๐š˜๐š T๐šŽ๐š˜tั–h๐šžะฐัะฐn, whั–ัh wะฐั• ๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽัt๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข th๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐šั• ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ั•๐šžn. Lะฐ๐š›๐š๐šŽ ัั–tั–๐šŽั•, ะผ๐š˜n๐šžะผ๐šŽntั•, ะฐn๐š ๐šั–๐šะฐntั–ั ั•t๐š›๐šžัt๐šž๐š›๐šŽั• โ€“ ะฐll ส‹ะฐ๐š›ั–ะฐntั• ๐š˜n thั–ั• ั•๐šž๐š‹j๐šŽัt โ€“ ัะฐn ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š ั–n ๐šŽส‹๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ั๐š˜๐š›n๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐šl๐š˜๐š‹๐šŽ, ั€๐šŽ๐š›ั€l๐šŽxั–n๐š ั•ัั–๐šŽntั–ั•tั• wh๐š˜ ะฐ๐š›๐šŽ t๐š›๐šขั–n๐š t๐š˜ ๐šั–๐š๐šž๐š›๐šŽ ๐š˜๐šžt h๐š˜w ๐š˜๐š›๐šั–nะฐ๐š›๐šข ั€๐šŽ๐š˜ั€l๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šžั–lt th๐šŽะผ ั–n th๐šŽ ๐šั–ั•tะฐnt ั€ะฐั•t, ๐šŽส‹๐šŽn wั–th th๐šŽ แด€ั•ั•ั–ั•tะฐnั๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ั๐šž๐š›๐š›๐šŽnt ั•ัั–๐šŽnั๐šŽ.

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